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30 kunlik Python: 20-kun — PIP (Python paket menejeri)

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📘 20-kun

PIP nima

PIP — JavaScriptdagi npmning to'liq o'xshashi! Bu — boshqa dasturchilar yaratgan tayyor kod to'plamlarini (paketlarni) o'rnatish vositasi. Har bir utilitani o'zingiz yozish shart emas — paket o'rnatib, uni import qilishingiz mumkin.

JavaScript (npm) Python (pip)
Paket o'rnatish npm install paket_nomi pip install paket_nomi
Paketni o'chirish npm uninstall paket_nomi pip uninstall paket_nomi
O'rnatilgan paketlar ro'yxati npm list pip list
Loyihaning bog'liqliklari fayli package.json requirements.txt
Versiyani tekshirish npm --version pip --version

Paketlarni o'rnatish

Mashina o'qitish va ma'lumotlar tahlilida eng mashhur paketlardan biri — NumPyni o'rnatib ko'ramiz:

pip install numpy
>>> import numpy
>>> lst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> np_arr = numpy.array(lst)
>>> np_arr * 2
array([2, 4, 6, 8, 10])

Paketni o'chirish:

pip uninstall numpy

O'rnatilgan paketlar haqida ma'lumot:

pip list                  # barcha o'rnatilgan paketlar
pip show pandas           # bitta paket haqida batafsil
pip freeze                # paketlar va versiyalari ro'yxati (requirements.txt uchun)

🟡 pip freeze > requirements.txt — bu xuddi package.jsondagi dependencies ro'yxatini saqlashga o'xshaydi. Boshqa kompyuterda pip install -r requirements.txt orqali hammasi qayta o'rnatiladi — npm install qanday package.jsondan o'qisa, shunga o'xshash.

URL'dan ma'lumot o'qish

JavaScriptda tarmoqdan ma'lumot olish uchun fetch() ishlatgansiz. Python'da bu vazifani requests paketi bajaradi (avval o'rnatish kerak: pip install requests):

// JavaScript
const response = await fetch(url);
const data = await response.json();
# Python
import requests

response = requests.get(url)        # tarmoqqa so'rov yuborish
print(response.status_code)           # 200 — muvaffaqiyatli
data = response.json()                 # JSON javobni dictionary/listga aylantirish
Metod/xususiyat Vazifasi
.get(url) URL'ga so'rov yuborish (JS'dagi fetch(url))
.status_code javob holati (200 — muvaffaqiyat)
.headers javob sarlavhalari
.text javobni oddiy matn sifatida olish
.json() javobni JSON'dan dictionary/listga aylantirish (JS'dagi response.json()) 
import requests

url = 'https://restcountries.com/v3.1/all'
response = requests.get(url)
countries = response.json()
print(countries[0]['name'])

Paket (package) yaratish

JS'da bir nechta modulni papkaga joylab, index.js orqali eksport qilgansiz. Python'da bu paket (package) deyiladi — ichida __init__.py (bo'sh fayl bo'lishi mumkin) bo'lgan oddiy papka:

mypackage/
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── arithmetic.py
    └── greet.py

🟡 __init__.py — bu papkani Python "bu shunchaki papka emas, bu paket" deb tanishi uchun kerak bo'lgan maxsus fayl. Bo'sh bo'lsa ham bo'ladi.

from mypackage import arithmetic
print(arithmetic.add_numbers(1, 2, 3, 5))   # 11

from mypackage import greet
print(greet.greet_person('Asabeneh', 'Yetayeh'))

🌕 Siz doimo rivojlanmoqdasiz, 20 qadam oldindasiz! 20-kun challenge'ini tugatdingiz. Endi mashqlarni bajaring.

💻 Mashqlar — 20-kun

  1. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1112/1112.txt manzilidan "Romeo va Julyetta" matnini o'qib, eng ko'p uchraydigan 10 so'zni toping.
  2. https://api.thecatapi.com/v1/breeds API'sidan ma'lumot olib:
    • Mushuklar vazni bo'yicha min, max, o'rtacha, mediana va standart og'ishini toping
    • Mushuklar umr ko'rish davomiyligi bo'yicha xuddi shularni toping
    • Davlat va zot bo'yicha chastota jadvalini tuzing
  3. Davlatlar APIdan foydalanib:
    • Eng katta 10 davlatni toping
    • Eng ko'p gaplashiladigan 10 tilni toping
    • API'dagi tillar umumiy sonini toping

🎉 TABRIKLAYMIZ! 🎉

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