diff --git a/demand_energy.md b/demand_energy.md index 2d15c2b..203b565 100644 --- a/demand_energy.md +++ b/demand_energy.md @@ -147,7 +147,13 @@ GCAM's representation of Agricultural energy use sector. #### Cement -GCAM includes a physical representation of the manufacture of cement, that tracks both the fuel- and limestone-derived emissions of CO2. Production volumes are indicated in Mt of cement; input-output coefficients of heat and electricity are indicated in GJ per kg of cement, and the input-output coefficient of limestone is unitless. The energy input-output coefficients are specific to each region, based on [Worrell et al. (2001)](demand_energy.html#worrell2001) and Tables 6.9 and 6.10 in [IEA (2007)](demand_energy.html#iea2007). The limestone input-output coefficient is calculated to return the region's cement-related emissions reported by [CDIAC 2017](demand_energy.html#CDIAC2017). Each region's calibrated fuel shares in this industry are from Table 6.6 in [IEA 2007](demand_energy.html#iea2007). A simple schematic with example input-outout coefficients is shown below; note that in the structure, "process heat cement" is treated as a specific energy commodity, so as to avoid allowing electricity to compete for market share of this input to the cement production process. +GCAM includes a physical representation of the manufacture of cement which tracks both the fuel- and limestone-derived emissions of CO2. Production volumes are indicated in Mt of cement; input-output coefficients of heat and electricity are indicated in GJ per kg of cement; the input-output coefficient of limestone is unitless. + +Country level cement production and CO2 emissions are taken from [Andrew (2025)](demand_energy.html#andrew2025). The limestone input-output coefficient is calculated to return the region's cement-related emissions reported by [Andrew 2025](demand_energy.html#andrew2025). + +Energy input-output coefficients are specific to most regions (filled in with global averages where regional data is unavailable), based Tables 6.9 and 6.10 in [IEA (2007)](demand_energy.html#iea2007), [IEA (2021b)](demand_energy.html#iea2021b), and [IEA (2023)](demand_energy.html#iea2023). Each region's calibrated fuel shares in this industry are from the IEA World Energy Balances [IEA 2021](demand_energy.html#iea2021) energy estimates for the non-metallic minerals sector, which also includes the glass and ceramics industries. Total energy for each region is also bounded by the energy estimates from the non-metallic minerals sector. + +A simple schematic with example input-outout coefficients is shown below; note that in the structure, "process heat cement" is treated as a specific energy commodity, so as to avoid allowing electricity to compete for market share of this input to the cement production process.
Structure of GCAM's representation of cement production, with example input-output coefficients shown (GJ/kg of energy, and unitless for limestone) @@ -502,6 +508,9 @@ Residential and commercial ## References +[Andrew 2025] Andrew, R.M., 2025, *Global CO2 emissions from cement production (Version 250226)* Zenodo. +[Link](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14931651) + [BTS 2015] Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2015, *Table 3-21: Average Freight Revenue Per Ton-mile (Current cents)*, U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology. [Link](http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_03_21.html) [Beuttler et al. 2019] Beuttler, C., Charles, L., and Wurzbacher, J. “The Role of Direct Air Capture in Mitigation of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions” *Frontiers in Climate* 1, (2019)[Link](https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fclim.2019.00010/full) @@ -520,7 +529,13 @@ Residential and commercial [IEA 2007] International Energy Agency, 2007, *Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions*, International Energy Agency, Paris, France. [Link](https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/tracking_emissions.pdf) -[IEA 2021] International Energy Agency, 2007, *World Energy Balances Database Documentation*, International Energy Agency, Paris, France. [Link](http://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/worldbal_documentation.pdf) +[IEA 2021] International Energy Agency, 2021, *World Energy Balances Database Documentation*, International Energy Agency, Paris, France. [Link](http://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/worldbal_documentation.pdf) + +[IEA 2021b] International Energy Agency, 2021, *Electricity use per tonne of cement in selected countries and regions, 2018* International Energy Agency, Paris. +[Link](https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/electricity-use-per-tonne-of-cement-in-selected-countries-and-regions-2018) + +[IEA 2023] International Energy Agency, 2023, *Global thermal energy intensity of clinker production by fuel in the Net Zero Scenario, 2010-2030* International Energy Agency, Paris. +[Link](https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-thermal-energy-intensity-of-clinker-production-by-fuel-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2010-2030) [Keith et al 2018] Keith, D. W., Holmes, G., St Angelo, D., and Heidel, K. “A Process for Capturing CO 2 from the Atmosphere” (2018) [Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.05.006) @@ -566,6 +581,4 @@ Residential and commercial [VTPI 2013] Victoria Transport Policy Institute. 2013. Chapter 5.2: Travel Time, in *Transportation Costs and Benefits II: Techniques, Estimates and Implications*, Victoria Transport Policy Institute. [Link](http://www.vtpi.org/tca/tca0502.pdf) -[Worrell et al. 2000] Worrell, E., Price, L., Martin, N., Hendriks, C., and Ozawa Meida, L. 2001. Carbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industry. *Annual Reviews of Energy and the Environment* 26, pp. 303-329. [Link](https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.303) - [Zamparini and Reggiani 2007] Zamparini, L., and Reggiani, A. 2007. Meta-analysis and the value of time savings: a transatlantic perspective in passenger transport. *Networks and Spatial Economics* 7, pp. 377-396. [Link](http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11067-007-9028-5)