diff --git a/.ai-instructions b/.ai-instructions
new file mode 160000
index 0000000..609ac4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.ai-instructions
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 609ac4a8d9262f93594f36ea382d30cd94ea07a4
diff --git a/.github/workflows/main.yml b/.github/workflows/main.yml
index c7524f4..b4b44bb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/main.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/main.yml
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: prefix-dev/setup-pixi@v0.9.4
         with:
-          pixi-version: v0.65.0
+          pixi-version: v0.68.1
           cache: true
           cache-write: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref_name == 'main' }}
           frozen: true
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ jobs:
         run: pixi run -e ${{ matrix.environment }} tests-with-cov
       - name: Upload coverage report.
         if: runner.os == 'Linux' && matrix.environment == 'py314'
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v6
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
   run-ty:
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: prefix-dev/setup-pixi@v0.9.4
         with:
-          pixi-version: v0.65.0
+          pixi-version: v0.68.1
           cache: true
           cache-write: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref_name == 'main' }}
           frozen: true
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 0a1de5b..455f666 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -14,21 +14,20 @@ MANIFEST
 sdist/
 wheels/
 
-# Documentation
-docs/_build/
-
 # IDE
 .idea/
 .vscode/
 
-# Jupyter
+# Jupyter / Jupyter Book
 .ipynb_checkpoints/
+_build
 
 # macOS
 .DS_Store
 
 # pixi
 .pixi/
+node_modules/
 
 # Python
 __pycache__/
diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..799092e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[submodule ".ai-instructions"]
+	path = .ai-instructions
+	url = https://github.com/OpenSourceEconomics/ai-instructions.git
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 7b8dd2d..cc3dc0b 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ repos:
       - id: check-hooks-apply
       - id: check-useless-excludes
   - repo: https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt
-    rev: v2.18.1
+    rev: v2.21.2
     hooks:
       - id: pyproject-fmt
   - repo: https://github.com/lyz-code/yamlfix
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ repos:
     hooks:
       - id: yamllint
   - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-    rev: 0.37.0
+    rev: 0.37.2
     hooks:
       - id: check-github-workflows
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.15.6
+    rev: v0.15.12
     hooks:
       - id: ruff-check
         args:
diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
index 494f504..7eaa990 100644
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-@https://raw.githubusercontent.com/OpenSourceEconomics/ai-instructions/make-submodule/profiles/tier-a.md
+@.ai-instructions/profiles/tier-a.md
 
 # dags
 
diff --git a/CHANGES.md b/CHANGES.md
index d00951b..65bd473 100644
--- a/CHANGES.md
+++ b/CHANGES.md
@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@ This is a record of all past dags releases and what went into them in reverse
 chronological order. We follow [semantic versioning](https://semver.org/) and all
 releases are available on [conda-forge](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/dags).
 
+## Unreleased
+
+## 0.6.0
+
+- :gh:`82` Make dags wrappers play nicely with runtime type checkers
+  (:ghuser:`hmgaudecker`).
+
 ## 0.5.1
 
 - :gh:`79` Use AGENTS.md, update hooks and rules (:ghuser:`hmgaudecker`).
diff --git a/GEMINI.md b/GEMINI.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43c994c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GEMINI.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+@AGENTS.md
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diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 4798736..0f83cbd 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
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 metadata.allow-direct-references = true
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+mystmd = "*"
+numpy = "*"
+[tool.pixi.feature.docs.tasks]
+build-docs = { cmd = "jupyter book build --html --execute", cwd = "docs" }
+view-docs = { cmd = "jupyter book start --execute", cwd = "docs" }
+[tool.pixi.feature.py311.dependencies]
+python = "~=3.11.0"
+[tool.pixi.feature.py312.dependencies]
+python = "~=3.12.0"
+[tool.pixi.feature.py313.dependencies]
+python = "~=3.13.0"
+[tool.pixi.feature.py314.dependencies]
+python = "~=3.14.0"
+[tool.pixi.feature.tests.dependencies]
+numpy = "*"
+[tool.pixi.feature.tests.pypi-dependencies]
+beartype = "*"
+pytest = "*"
+pytest-cov = "*"
+pytest-xdist = "*"
+[tool.pixi.feature.tests.tasks]
+tests = "pytest"
+tests-with-cov = "pytest --cov-report=xml --cov=./"
+[tool.pixi.feature.type-checking.pypi-dependencies]
+ty = "*"
+types-networkx = "*"
+[tool.pixi.feature.type-checking.tasks]
+ty = "ty check"
+[tool.pixi.pypi-dependencies]
+dags = { path = ".", editable = true }
+pdbp = "*"
+[tool.pixi.workspace]
+channels = [ "conda-forge" ]
+platforms = [ "linux-64", "osx-64", "osx-arm64", "win-64" ]
+
 [tool.ruff]
 fix = true
 unsafe-fixes = false
@@ -138,76 +185,24 @@ expand_tables = [
   "tool.pixi.workspace",
 ]
 
-[tool.pytest]
-ini_options.addopts = [ "--pdbcls=pdbp:Pdb" ]
-ini_options.filterwarnings = []
-ini_options.norecursedirs = [ "docs" ]
-
 [tool.ty]
 rules.ambiguous-protocol-member = "error"
 rules.deprecated = "error"
 rules.division-by-zero = "error"
 rules.ignore-comment-unknown-rule = "error"
-rules.invalid-argument-type = "error"
+rules.ineffective-final = "error"
+rules.invalid-enum-member-annotation = "error"
 rules.invalid-ignore-comment = "error"
-rules.invalid-return-type = "error"
-rules.possibly-missing-attribute = "error"
-rules.possibly-missing-implicit-call = "error"
-rules.possibly-missing-import = "error"
-rules.possibly-unresolved-reference = "error"
+rules.invalid-legacy-positional-parameter = "error"
 rules.redundant-cast = "error"
-rules.undefined-reveal = "error"
-rules.unresolved-global = "error"
-rules.unsupported-base = "error"
+rules.unused-awaitable = "error"
 rules.unused-ignore-comment = "error"
-rules.useless-overload-body = "error"
 src.exclude = [ "docs/**/*.ipynb" ]
 
-[tool.pixi.dependencies]
-jupyterlab = "*"
-prek = "*"
-python = ">=3.11,<3.15"
-[tool.pixi.environments]
-docs = [ "docs", "py314" ]
-py311 = [ "py311", "tests" ]
-py312 = [ "py312", "tests" ]
-py313 = [ "py313", "tests" ]
-py314 = [ "py314", "tests", "type-checking" ]
-[tool.pixi.feature.docs.dependencies]
-jupyter-book = ">=2.0"
-mystmd = "*"
-numpy = "*"
-[tool.pixi.feature.docs.tasks]
-build-docs = { cmd = "jupyter book build --html --execute", cwd = "docs" }
-view-docs = { cmd = "jupyter book start --execute", cwd = "docs" }
-[tool.pixi.feature.py311.dependencies]
-python = "~=3.11.0"
-[tool.pixi.feature.py312.dependencies]
-python = "~=3.12.0"
-[tool.pixi.feature.py313.dependencies]
-python = "~=3.13.0"
-[tool.pixi.feature.py314.dependencies]
-python = "~=3.14.0"
-[tool.pixi.feature.tests.dependencies]
-numpy = "*"
-[tool.pixi.feature.tests.pypi-dependencies]
-pytest = "*"
-pytest-cov = "*"
-pytest-xdist = "*"
-[tool.pixi.feature.tests.tasks]
-tests = "pytest"
-tests-with-cov = "pytest --cov-report=xml --cov=./"
-[tool.pixi.feature.type-checking.pypi-dependencies]
-ty = "*"
-types-networkx = "*"
-[tool.pixi.feature.type-checking.tasks]
-ty = "ty check"
-[tool.pixi.pypi-dependencies]
-dags = { path = ".", editable = true }
-pdbp = "*"
-[tool.pixi.workspace]
-channels = [ "conda-forge" ]
-platforms = [ "linux-64", "osx-64", "osx-arm64", "win-64" ]
+[tool.pytest]
+ini_options.addopts = [ "--pdbcls=pdbp:Pdb" ]
+ini_options.filterwarnings = []
+ini_options.norecursedirs = [ "docs" ]
 
 [tool.yamlfix]
 line_length = 88
diff --git a/src/dags/annotations.py b/src/dags/annotations.py
index 98bcdbe..c1cc977 100644
--- a/src/dags/annotations.py
+++ b/src/dags/annotations.py
@@ -137,23 +137,37 @@ def _get_annotations_from_signature(
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Extract annotations from the function signature.
 
-    This is a fallback for when inspect.get_annotations returns incorrect results,
-    such as in Python 3.14's args/kwargs annotation mismatch case.
+    This is a fallback for when inspect.get_annotations returns incorrect results:
+    the Python 3.14 args/kwargs annotation mismatch, and dags wrappers
+    (`with_signature`, `rename_arguments`, the `*_output` converters), which
+    advertise the `*args, **kwargs` forwarder shape on `__annotations__` and
+    keep the user-described view on `__signature__`.
 
     """
     sig = inspect.signature(func)
     annotations: dict[str, Any] = {}
     for param_name, param in sig.parameters.items():
         if param.annotation != inspect.Parameter.empty:
-            annotations[param_name] = (
-                param.annotation
-                if eval_str or isinstance(param.annotation, str)
-                else _get_str_repr(param.annotation)
+            annotations[param_name] = _normalise_annotation(
+                param.annotation, eval_str=eval_str
             )
     if sig.return_annotation != inspect.Signature.empty:
-        annotations["return"] = (
-            sig.return_annotation
-            if eval_str or isinstance(sig.return_annotation, str)
-            else _get_str_repr(sig.return_annotation)
+        annotations["return"] = _normalise_annotation(
+            sig.return_annotation, eval_str=eval_str
         )
     return annotations
+
+
+def _normalise_annotation(annotation: Any, *, eval_str: bool) -> Any:
+    """Normalise a single signature annotation for `get_annotations`.
+
+    With `eval_str=True` the annotation is returned untouched. With
+    `eval_str=False` the caller wants strings: bare `type` objects are
+    reduced to their `__name__`, but strings and the structured return
+    annotations produced by the `*_output` converters (a `tuple` / `list`
+    / `dict` of type strings) are passed through as-is — stringifying
+    those would lose their structure.
+    """
+    if eval_str or isinstance(annotation, (str, tuple, list, dict)):
+        return annotation
+    return _get_str_repr(annotation)
diff --git a/src/dags/output.py b/src/dags/output.py
index 8cb3c2c..0785f8b 100644
--- a/src/dags/output.py
+++ b/src/dags/output.py
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 import functools
 import inspect
 from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
-from typing import Any, Unpack, overload
+from typing import Any, Unpack, cast, overload
 
+from dags.annotations import get_annotations
 from dags.exceptions import DagsError
+from dags.signature import forwarder_annotations
 from dags.typing import MixedTupleType, P, T
 
 
@@ -16,15 +18,24 @@ def _apply_return_annotation(
 ) -> None:
     """Apply a new return annotation to a wrapper function.
 
-    Updates both __signature__ and __annotations__ on the wrapper.
+    The user-described view (parameters from `func`, plus the new
+    `return_annotation`) is written to the wrapper's `__signature__`. The
+    wrapper's `__annotations__` advertises the `*args, **kwargs` forwarder
+    shape — the wrapper accepts anything at the Python level and only
+    `func` expects the typed arguments. See `forwarder_annotations` for
+    the rationale; `dags.get_annotations` recovers the user view from
+    `__signature__`.
+
+    `func` is itself typically a dags wrapper (e.g. the `with_signature`
+    output of `concatenate_functions`), so its return annotation lives on
+    `__signature__`, not `__annotations__` — read it via
+    `dags.get_annotations`.
     """
     signature = inspect.signature(func)
-    annotations = inspect.get_annotations(func)
-    if "return" in annotations:
+    if "return" in get_annotations(func):
         signature = signature.replace(return_annotation=return_annotation)
-        annotations["return"] = return_annotation
     wrapper.__signature__ = signature  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
-    wrapper.__annotations__ = annotations
+    wrapper.__annotations__ = forwarder_annotations()
 
 
 def single_output(
@@ -40,9 +51,13 @@ def wrapper_single_output(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> T:
         return raw[0]
 
     if set_annotations:
-        annotations = inspect.get_annotations(func)
+        annotations = get_annotations(func)
         if "return" in annotations:
-            tuple_of_types: tuple[str, ...] = annotations["return"]
+            # `func` is a tuple-returning concatenated function; its return
+            # annotation (recovered from `__signature__`) is a tuple of type
+            # strings, which `get_annotations`' `dict[str, str]` type cannot
+            # express.
+            tuple_of_types = cast("tuple[str, ...]", annotations["return"])
             _apply_return_annotation(wrapper_single_output, func, tuple_of_types[0])
 
     return wrapper_single_output
@@ -88,9 +103,9 @@ def wrapper_dict_output(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> dict[str, T]:
             return dict(zip(keys, raw, strict=True))
 
         if set_annotations:
-            annotations = inspect.get_annotations(func)
+            annotations = get_annotations(func)
             if "return" in annotations:
-                tuple_of_types: tuple[str, ...] = annotations["return"]
+                tuple_of_types = cast("tuple[str, ...]", annotations["return"])
                 return_annotation = dict(zip(keys, tuple_of_types, strict=True))
                 _apply_return_annotation(wrapper_dict_output, func, return_annotation)
 
@@ -112,9 +127,9 @@ def wrapper_list_output(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> list[T]:
         return list(raw)
 
     if set_annotations:
-        annotations = inspect.get_annotations(func)
+        annotations = get_annotations(func)
         if "return" in annotations:
-            tuple_of_types: tuple[str, ...] = annotations["return"]
+            tuple_of_types = cast("tuple[str, ...]", annotations["return"])
             _apply_return_annotation(wrapper_list_output, func, list(tuple_of_types))
 
     return wrapper_list_output
diff --git a/src/dags/signature.py b/src/dags/signature.py
index 1f46ac6..7bea8e6 100644
--- a/src/dags/signature.py
+++ b/src/dags/signature.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping, Sequence
 from typing import Any, overload
 
-from dags.annotations import get_annotations, get_free_arguments
+from dags.annotations import get_free_arguments
 from dags.exceptions import DagsError, InvalidFunctionArgumentsError
 from dags.typing import P, R
 
@@ -52,21 +52,6 @@ def _create_signature(
     )
 
 
-def _create_annotations(
-    args_types: dict[str, str] | dict[str, type[inspect._empty]],
-    kwargs_types: dict[str, str] | dict[str, type[inspect._empty]],
-    return_annotation: Any,
-) -> (
-    dict[str, str]
-    | dict[str, str | type[inspect._empty]]
-    | dict[str, type[inspect._empty]]
-):
-    annotations = args_types | kwargs_types
-    if return_annotation is not inspect.Parameter.empty:
-        annotations["return"] = return_annotation
-    return annotations
-
-
 @overload
 def with_signature(
     func: Callable[P, R],
@@ -98,6 +83,16 @@ def with_signature(
 ) -> Callable[P, R] | Callable[[Callable[P, R]], Callable[P, R]]:
     """Add a signature to a function of type `f(*args, **kwargs)` (decorator).
 
+    The user-described view (parameter names, kinds, and any type strings
+    passed via `args` / `kwargs`) is written to the wrapper's
+    `__signature__`. The wrapper's `__annotations__` advertises the
+    `*args, **kwargs` forwarder shape instead — the wrapper genuinely
+    accepts anything at the Python level, and only the wrapped function
+    expects the user-typed arguments. Runtime type checkers (beartype,
+    typeguard) read `__annotations__` and therefore treat the wrapper as
+    permissive; `dags.get_annotations` recovers the user view from
+    `__signature__` via its built-in args/kwargs-mismatch fallback.
+
     Caveats: The created signature only contains the names of arguments and whether
     they are keyword-only. There is no way of setting default values or type hints.
 
@@ -123,7 +118,6 @@ def decorator_with_signature(func: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, R]:
         _args = _map_names_to_types(args)
         _kwargs = _map_names_to_types(kwargs)
         signature = _create_signature(_args, _kwargs, return_annotation)
-        annotations = _create_annotations(_args, _kwargs, return_annotation)
         valid_kwargs: set[str] = set(_kwargs) | set(_args)
         funcname: str = getattr(func, "__name__", "function")
 
@@ -143,7 +137,7 @@ def wrapper_with_signature(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
             return func(*args, **kwargs)
 
         wrapper_with_signature.__signature__ = signature  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
-        wrapper_with_signature.__annotations__ = annotations
+        wrapper_with_signature.__annotations__ = forwarder_annotations()
         return wrapper_with_signature
 
     if func is not None:
@@ -151,6 +145,28 @@ def wrapper_with_signature(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
     return decorator_with_signature
 
 
+def forwarder_annotations() -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Build `__annotations__` advertising a `*args, **kwargs` forwarder.
+
+    Every dags wrapper (`with_signature`, `rename_arguments`, the
+    `*_output` converters) is a `def wrapper(*args, **kwargs)` forwarder:
+    it accepts anything at the Python level and delegates to the wrapped
+    function. Its `__annotations__` reflects that — `{"args": object,
+    "kwargs": object}` — so runtime type checkers reading
+    `__annotations__` (beartype, typeguard, `typing.get_type_hints`) see a
+    permissive forwarder and do not enforce the wrapped function's
+    per-parameter annotations against the wrapper's actual arguments.
+
+    The user-described view (parameter names, types, return annotation)
+    lives on the wrapper's `__signature__` instead, and
+    `dags.get_annotations` recovers it from there via its
+    args/kwargs-mismatch fallback. No return annotation is written so
+    there are no string forward refs to resolve against the wrapper's
+    `__module__`, where the referenced names may not be importable.
+    """
+    return {"args": object, "kwargs": object}
+
+
 def _fail_if_too_many_positional_arguments(
     present_args: tuple[Any, ...], argnames: list[str], funcname: str
 ) -> None:
@@ -213,11 +229,20 @@ def rename_arguments(
 ) -> Callable[[Callable[P, R]], Callable[..., R]]: ...
 
 
-def rename_arguments(  # noqa: C901
-    func: Callable[P, R] | None = None, *, mapper: Mapping[str, str] | None = None
+def rename_arguments(
+    func: Callable[P, R] | None = None,
+    *,
+    mapper: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
 ) -> Callable[..., R] | Callable[[Callable[P, R]], Callable[..., R]]:
     """Rename positional and keyword arguments of func.
 
+    The renamed user-described view is written to the wrapper's
+    `__signature__`. The wrapper's `__annotations__` advertises the
+    `*args, **kwargs` forwarder shape — runtime type checkers see a
+    permissive forwarder, and `dags.get_annotations` recovers the renamed
+    view from `__signature__` via its args/kwargs-mismatch fallback. See
+    `forwarder_annotations` for the rationale.
+
     Args:
         func (callable): The function of which the arguments are renamed.
         mapper (dict): Dict of strings where keys are old names and values are new
@@ -236,10 +261,8 @@ def decorator_rename_arguments(func: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[..., R]:
             for name, param in old_signature.parameters.items()
             if name in free_arguments
         }
-        old_annotations = get_annotations(func)
 
         parameters: list[inspect.Parameter] = []
-        annotations: dict[str, str] = {}
         # mapper is assumed not to be None when renaming is desired.
         for name, param in old_parameters.items():
             if mapper is not None and name in mapper:
@@ -247,14 +270,6 @@ def decorator_rename_arguments(func: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[..., R]:
             else:
                 parameters.append(param)
 
-        # annotations do not contain information on partialled arguments, and therefore
-        # do not exactly align with the parameters.
-        for name, annotation in old_annotations.items():
-            if mapper is not None and name in mapper:
-                annotations[mapper[name]] = annotation
-            else:
-                annotations[name] = annotation
-
         signature = inspect.Signature(
             parameters=parameters, return_annotation=old_signature.return_annotation
         )
@@ -274,7 +289,7 @@ def wrapper_rename_arguments(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
             return func(*args, **internal_kwargs)
 
         wrapper_rename_arguments.__signature__ = signature  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
-        wrapper_rename_arguments.__annotations__ = annotations
+        wrapper_rename_arguments.__annotations__ = forwarder_annotations()
 
         return wrapper_rename_arguments
 
diff --git a/src/dags/tree/tree_utils.py b/src/dags/tree/tree_utils.py
index f0f5cb5..c748f84 100644
--- a/src/dags/tree/tree_utils.py
+++ b/src/dags/tree/tree_utils.py
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 import re
 
 import flatten_dict as fd
+import flatten_dict.reducers
+import flatten_dict.splitters
 
 from dags.tree.typing import FlatQNameDict, FlatTreePathDict, NestedStructureDict
 
@@ -11,8 +13,8 @@
 _python_identifier: str = r"[a-zA-Z_\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF][a-zA-Z0-9_\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF]*"  # noqa: E501
 
 # Reducers and splitters to flatten/unflatten dicts with qualified names as keys
-_qualified_name_reducer = fd.reducers.make_reducer(delimiter=QNAME_DELIMITER)  # ty: ignore[possibly-missing-attribute]
-_qualified_name_splitter = fd.splitters.make_splitter(delimiter=QNAME_DELIMITER)  # ty: ignore[possibly-missing-attribute]
+_qualified_name_reducer = fd.reducers.make_reducer(delimiter=QNAME_DELIMITER)
+_qualified_name_splitter = fd.splitters.make_splitter(delimiter=QNAME_DELIMITER)
 
 
 def qname_from_tree_path(tree_path: tuple[str, ...]) -> str:
diff --git a/tests/test_annotations.py b/tests/test_annotations.py
index 1462354..5af191e 100644
--- a/tests/test_annotations.py
+++ b/tests/test_annotations.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import functools
-import inspect
 from typing import Literal
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ def test_concatenate_functions_without_input(
         "list": [],
         "dict": {},
     }
-    assert inspect.get_annotations(concatenated, eval_str=True) == {
+    assert get_annotations(concatenated, eval_str=True) == {
         "return": expected_type[return_type],
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/test_dag.py b/tests/test_dag.py
index bb0adac..e72ab10 100644
--- a/tests/test_dag.py
+++ b/tests/test_dag.py
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ def test_concatenate_functions_no_target_annotations(
         "leisure_weight": "float",
         "return": ("float", "int", "float"),
     }
-    assert inspect.get_annotations(concatenated_no_target) == expected_annotations
+    assert get_annotations(concatenated_no_target) == expected_annotations
 
 
 def test_concatenate_functions_single_target_results(
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ def test_concatenate_functions_single_target_annotations(
         "leisure_weight": "float",
         "return": "float",
     }
-    assert inspect.get_annotations(concatenated_utility_target) == expected_annotations
+    assert get_annotations(concatenated_utility_target) == expected_annotations
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("return_type", ["tuple", "list", "dict"])
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ def test_concatenate_functions_multi_target_annotations(
         "leisure_weight": "float",
         "return": return_annotations[return_type],
     }
-    assert inspect.get_annotations(concatenated) == expected_annotation
+    assert get_annotations(concatenated) == expected_annotation
 
 
 def test_get_ancestors_many_ancestors() -> None:
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ def g(f: float, d: int) -> float:
     )
 
     assert concatenated(c=True, d=4) == 1 + 2 + float(True) + 4
-    assert inspect.get_annotations(concatenated) == {
+    assert get_annotations(concatenated) == {
         "c": "bool",
         "d": "int",
         "return": "float",
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ def f(a):
         set_annotations=True,
     )
 
-    assert inspect.get_annotations(concatenated) == {
+    assert get_annotations(concatenated) == {
         "a": "no_annotation_found",
         "return": ("no_annotation_found",),
     }
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ def f2() -> bool:
     )
 
     assert aggregated() is False
-    assert inspect.get_annotations(aggregated)["return"] == "bool"
+    assert get_annotations(aggregated)["return"] == "bool"
 
 
 def test_aggregator_return_type_inferred_from_targets() -> None:
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ def f2() -> bool:
 
     assert aggregated() is False
     # Return type should be inferred from targets (both bool)
-    assert inspect.get_annotations(aggregated)["return"] == "bool"
+    assert get_annotations(aggregated)["return"] == "bool"
 
 
 def test_aggregator_return_type_inferred_from_typed_aggregator() -> None:
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ def typed_and(a: bool, b: bool) -> bool:
 
     assert aggregated() is False
     # Return type should be inferred from aggregator
-    assert inspect.get_annotations(aggregated)["return"] == "bool"
+    assert get_annotations(aggregated)["return"] == "bool"
 
 
 def test_aggregator_return_type_warns_when_cannot_infer() -> None:
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ def typed_add(a: float, b: float) -> float:
 
     assert aggregated() == 3.0
     # Return type should be inferred from aggregator since target types differ
-    assert inspect.get_annotations(aggregated)["return"] == "float"
+    assert get_annotations(aggregated)["return"] == "float"
 
 
 def test_aggregator_return_type_ignored_when_set_annotations_false() -> None:
@@ -484,8 +484,8 @@ def f2() -> bool:
     )
 
     assert aggregated() is False
-    # No return annotation should be set
-    assert "return" not in inspect.get_annotations(aggregated)
+    # No return annotation should be set on the wrapper's signature.
+    assert inspect.signature(aggregated).return_annotation is inspect.Signature.empty
 
 
 def test_aggregator_no_inference_when_set_annotations_false() -> None:
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ def f2():
         )
 
     assert aggregated() is False
-    assert "return" not in inspect.get_annotations(aggregated)
+    assert inspect.signature(aggregated).return_annotation is inspect.Signature.empty
 
 
 def test_concatenate_functions_invalid_return_type_raises() -> None:
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ def test_concatenate_functions_invalid_return_type_raises() -> None:
         concatenate_functions(
             functions=[_leisure, _consumption],
             targets=["_leisure", "_consumption"],
-            return_type="set",  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            return_type="set",  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
         )
 
 
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ def test_concatenate_functions_non_string_targets() -> None:
     with pytest.raises(DagsError, match="Targets must be strings"):
         concatenate_functions(
             functions={"f": lambda: 1},
-            targets=[1],  # type: ignore[list-item]
+            targets=[1],  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
         )
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_process_output.py b/tests/test_process_output.py
index 0b335bd..0a2a65e 100644
--- a/tests/test_process_output.py
+++ b/tests/test_process_output.py
@@ -31,7 +31,13 @@ def test_single_output(f: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
 
 def test_single_output_annotations(f: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
     g = single_output(f, set_annotations=True)
-    assert inspect.get_annotations(g) == {"foo": "bool", "return": "int"}
+    # The wrapper advertises the `*args, **kwargs` forwarder shape on
+    # `__annotations__`; the user view (params + transformed return) lives
+    # on `__signature__`.
+    assert g.__annotations__ == {"args": object, "kwargs": object}
+    sig = inspect.signature(g)
+    assert sig.parameters["foo"].annotation == "bool"
+    assert sig.return_annotation == "int"
 
 
 def test_dict_output(f: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
@@ -41,10 +47,10 @@ def test_dict_output(f: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
 
 def test_dict_output_annotations(f: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
     g = dict_output(f, keys=["a", "b"], set_annotations=True)
-    assert inspect.get_annotations(g) == {
-        "foo": "bool",
-        "return": {"a": "int", "b": "float"},
-    }
+    assert g.__annotations__ == {"args": object, "kwargs": object}
+    sig = inspect.signature(g)
+    assert sig.parameters["foo"].annotation == "bool"
+    assert sig.return_annotation == {"a": "int", "b": "float"}
 
 
 def test_list_output(f: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
@@ -54,7 +60,10 @@ def test_list_output(f: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
 
 def test_list_output_annotations(f: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
     g = list_output(f, set_annotations=True)
-    assert inspect.get_annotations(g) == {"foo": "bool", "return": ["int", "float"]}
+    assert g.__annotations__ == {"args": object, "kwargs": object}
+    sig = inspect.signature(g)
+    assert sig.parameters["foo"].annotation == "bool"
+    assert sig.return_annotation == ["int", "float"]
 
 
 def test_aggregated_output_decorator(f: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
diff --git a/tests/test_runtime_type_checkers.py b/tests/test_runtime_type_checkers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a3388b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_runtime_type_checkers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+"""Runtime type checkers must treat dags wrappers as permissive forwarders.
+
+Every dags wrapper (`with_signature`, `rename_arguments`, the `*_output`
+converters) is a `def wrapper(*args, **kwargs)` forwarder: it accepts anything at
+the Python level and delegates to the wrapped function. Its `__annotations__`
+advertises that forwarder shape (`{"args": object, "kwargs": object}`) while the
+user-described view (parameter names, types, return annotation) lives on
+`__signature__`.
+
+This mirrors how dags is consumed downstream: pylcm installs beartype's import
+claw on subpackages that build DAGs with dags wrappers. If a dags wrapper ever
+advertised the user view on `__annotations__` again, beartype would enforce the
+wrapped function's per-parameter types against the wrapper's actual arguments and
+reject calls the wrapper legitimately forwards (e.g. JAX tracers passed where the
+user annotation says `float`). These tests guard that invariant: beartype-
+decorating a dags wrapper and calling it with arguments that violate the *user*
+signature must not raise.
+
+Do not add "from __future__ import annotations" here -- the test relies on the
+wrappers' `__annotations__` being the actual forwarder objects, not strings.
+"""
+
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from functools import partial
+from typing import Any
+
+import pytest
+from beartype import BeartypeConf, BeartypeStrategy, beartype
+
+from dags.dag import concatenate_functions
+from dags.output import aggregated_output, dict_output, list_output, single_output
+from dags.signature import rename_arguments, with_signature
+
+# Representative of pylcm's perimeter setup: full O(n) container validation and
+# the PEP-484 numeric tower. The forwarder-shape invariant is conf-independent,
+# but exercising a realistic conf keeps the test honest against the way dags is
+# actually consumed downstream.
+_CONF = BeartypeConf(strategy=BeartypeStrategy.On, is_pep484_tower=True)
+
+
+def _with_signature_wrapper() -> Callable[..., Any]:
+    @with_signature(args={"a": "int"}, kwargs={"b": "float"})
+    def f(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> tuple[Any, Any]:
+        return (args[0], kwargs["b"])
+
+    return f
+
+
+def _rename_arguments_wrapper() -> Callable[..., Any]:
+    def base(x: int, *, y: float) -> tuple[int, float]:
+        return (x, y)
+
+    return rename_arguments(base, mapper={"x": "a", "y": "b"})
+
+
+def _output_wrapper(
+    converter: Callable[..., Callable[..., Any]],
+) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+    def f(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> tuple[Any, Any]:
+        return (args[0], kwargs["b"])
+
+    # A tuple return annotation, set directly because Python has no tuple syntax
+    # in annotation position. This is the shape the `*_output` converters consume
+    # from `concatenate_functions`.
+    f.__annotations__ = {"a": "int", "b": "float", "return": ("int", "float")}
+    return converter(f, set_annotations=True)
+
+
+_WRAPPER_FACTORIES: dict[str, Callable[[], Callable[..., Any]]] = {
+    "with_signature": _with_signature_wrapper,
+    "rename_arguments": _rename_arguments_wrapper,
+    "single_output": partial(_output_wrapper, single_output),
+    "list_output": partial(_output_wrapper, list_output),
+    "dict_output": partial(_output_wrapper, partial(dict_output, keys=["a", "b"])),
+    "aggregated_output": partial(
+        _output_wrapper,
+        partial(
+            aggregated_output,
+            aggregator=lambda x, y: x + y,
+            return_annotation="int",
+        ),
+    ),
+}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "factory", _WRAPPER_FACTORIES.values(), ids=list(_WRAPPER_FACTORIES)
+)
+def test_beartype_does_not_enforce_user_signature_on_wrapper(
+    factory: Callable[[], Callable[..., Any]],
+) -> None:
+    """Beartype must treat a dags wrapper as a permissive `*args, **kwargs` forwarder.
+
+    The user signature types `a` as `int` and `b` as `float`. Calling the
+    beartype-decorated wrapper with a `str` for both violates that user view --
+    but the wrapper genuinely forwards `*args, **kwargs`, so beartype (reading the
+    forwarder `__annotations__`) must not raise.
+    """
+    wrapper = factory()
+    checked = beartype(conf=_CONF)(wrapper)
+    checked("not an int", b="not a float")
+
+
+def _root(x: int) -> int:
+    return x * 2
+
+
+def _derived(_root: int, y: float) -> float:
+    return _root + y
+
+
+# The four ways `concatenate_functions` assembles the returned function: a bare
+# `with_signature` wrapper (`return_type="tuple"`), a `*_output` converter over
+# one (`list`/`dict`), or `aggregated_output` over one. `aggregator_return_type`
+# is passed so the aggregator case does not emit a `DagsWarning` under
+# `set_annotations=True`; it is harmlessly ignored under `set_annotations=False`.
+_DAG_VARIANTS: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = {
+    "tuple": {"return_type": "tuple"},
+    "list": {"return_type": "list"},
+    "dict": {"return_type": "dict"},
+    "aggregator": {
+        "aggregator": lambda a, b: a + b,
+        "aggregator_return_type": "float",
+    },
+}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "set_annotations", [False, True], ids=["no_annotations", "set_annotations"]
+)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dag_kwargs", _DAG_VARIANTS.values(), ids=list(_DAG_VARIANTS))
+def test_beartype_does_not_enforce_user_signature_on_concatenated_function(
+    dag_kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+    set_annotations: bool,
+) -> None:
+    """The genuine `concatenate_functions` output must read as a forwarder too.
+
+    This exercises the real assembly path -- a `with_signature` wrapper, possibly
+    nested inside a `*_output` converter whose `_apply_return_annotation` calls
+    `get_annotations` on it -- across every `return_type` and both
+    `set_annotations` values. The DAG's root params are `x: int` and `y: float`;
+    `x=1.5` is a `float`, valid arithmetic but a violation of the `int` user
+    annotation. With the forwarder shape on `__annotations__`, beartype must not
+    raise.
+    """
+    concatenated = concatenate_functions(
+        functions=[_root, _derived],
+        set_annotations=set_annotations,
+        **dag_kwargs,
+    )
+    checked = beartype(conf=_CONF)(concatenated)
+    checked(x=1.5, y=2.0)
diff --git a/tests/test_signature.py b/tests/test_signature.py
index 2822cf9..a78aba5 100644
--- a/tests/test_signature.py
+++ b/tests/test_signature.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 import pytest
 
+from dags.annotations import get_annotations
 from dags.exceptions import DagsError, InvalidFunctionArgumentsError
 from dags.signature import _create_signature, rename_arguments, with_signature
 
@@ -38,8 +39,8 @@ def example_signature_annotated() -> inspect.Signature:
 
 def test_create_signature(example_signature: inspect.Signature) -> None:
     created = _create_signature(
-        args_types={"a": inspect.Parameter.empty, "b": inspect.Parameter.empty},  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
-        kwargs_types={"c": inspect.Parameter.empty},  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
+        args_types={"a": inspect.Parameter.empty, "b": inspect.Parameter.empty},
+        kwargs_types={"c": inspect.Parameter.empty},
     )
     assert created == example_signature
 
@@ -124,6 +125,101 @@ def f(*args, **kwargs):
     assert f(x=3) == 3
 
 
+def test_with_signature_advertises_forwarder_shape_on_annotations() -> None:
+    """`with_signature` advertises the `*args, **kwargs` forwarder on `__annotations__`.
+
+    The wrapper is a generic `*args, **kwargs` forwarder; its
+    `__annotations__` says so (`{"args": object, "kwargs": object}`).
+    Runtime type checkers reading `__annotations__` (beartype, typeguard,
+    `typing.get_type_hints`) therefore treat the wrapper as permissive and
+    do not enforce the wrapped function's per-parameter annotations.
+    """
+
+    @with_signature(args={"a": "int"}, kwargs={"b": "float"}, return_annotation="float")
+    def f(*args, **kwargs):
+        return sum(args) + sum(kwargs.values())
+
+    assert f.__annotations__ == {"args": object, "kwargs": object}
+    assert "a" not in f.__annotations__
+    assert "b" not in f.__annotations__
+    assert "return" not in f.__annotations__
+
+
+def test_with_signature_keeps_user_view_on_signature() -> None:
+    """`with_signature` keeps the user-described view on `__signature__`.
+
+    Introspection tools using `inspect.signature` see parameter names,
+    kinds, and the type strings passed via `args` / `kwargs`, even though
+    `__annotations__` only carries the forwarder shape.
+    """
+
+    @with_signature(args={"a": "int"}, kwargs={"b": "float"}, return_annotation="float")
+    def f(*args, **kwargs):
+        return sum(args) + sum(kwargs.values())
+
+    sig = inspect.signature(f)
+    assert sig.parameters["a"].annotation == "int"
+    assert sig.parameters["b"].annotation == "float"
+    assert sig.return_annotation == "float"
+
+
+def test_with_signature_get_annotations_recovers_user_view() -> None:
+    """`dags.get_annotations` recovers the user view from a `with_signature` wrapper.
+
+    The args/kwargs-mismatch fallback recognises the forwarder shape on
+    `__annotations__` and reads the user-described view off `__signature__`
+    instead, so dags' own machinery (DAG resolution, signature tooling)
+    keeps working on wrappers that advertise the forwarder shape.
+    """
+
+    @with_signature(args={"a": "int"}, kwargs={"b": "float"}, return_annotation="float")
+    def f(*args, **kwargs):
+        return sum(args) + sum(kwargs.values())
+
+    recovered = get_annotations(f)
+    assert recovered["a"] == "int"
+    assert recovered["b"] == "float"
+    assert recovered["return"] == "float"
+
+
+def test_rename_arguments_advertises_forwarder_shape_on_annotations() -> None:
+    """`rename_arguments` advertises the forwarder shape on `__annotations__`.
+
+    Same semantics as `with_signature`: the wrapper is a forwarder, so its
+    `__annotations__` is the forwarder shape and the renamed user view
+    lives on `__signature__`.
+    """
+
+    def f(a: int, b: float) -> float:
+        return a + b
+
+    renamed = rename_arguments(f, mapper={"a": "x"})
+
+    assert renamed.__annotations__ == {"args": object, "kwargs": object}
+    assert "x" not in renamed.__annotations__
+    sig = inspect.signature(renamed)
+    assert "x" in sig.parameters
+    assert "b" in sig.parameters
+    assert sig.return_annotation == "float"
+
+
+def test_rename_arguments_get_annotations_recovers_user_view() -> None:
+    """`dags.get_annotations` recovers the renamed view from the wrapper."""
+
+    def f(a: int, b: float) -> float:
+        return a + b
+
+    renamed = rename_arguments(f, mapper={"a": "x"})
+
+    recovered = get_annotations(renamed)
+    assert recovered["x"] == "int"
+    assert recovered["b"] == "float"
+    assert recovered["return"] == "float"
+    sig = inspect.signature(renamed)
+    assert "x" in sig.parameters
+    assert "b" in sig.parameters
+
+
 def test_with_signature_decorator_too_many_positional_arguments() -> None:
     @with_signature(args=["a", "b"], kwargs=["c"])
     def f(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -175,7 +271,11 @@ def test_rename_arguments_decorator_annotated() -> None:
     def f(d: int, e: float, *, f: bool) -> float:
         return d + e + f
 
-    assert inspect.get_annotations(f) == {
+    # `__annotations__` carries the forwarder shape; the renamed user view
+    # is recovered via `dags.get_annotations` (which falls back to
+    # `__signature__`).
+    assert f.__annotations__ == {"args": object, "kwargs": object}
+    assert get_annotations(f) == {
         "a": "int",
         "b": "float",
         "c": "bool",
@@ -200,7 +300,10 @@ def f(d: int, e: float, *, f: bool) -> float:
 
     g = rename_arguments(f, mapper={"e": "b", "d": "a", "f": "c"})
 
-    assert inspect.get_annotations(g) == {
+    # `__annotations__` carries the forwarder shape; the renamed user view
+    # is recovered via `dags.get_annotations`.
+    assert g.__annotations__ == {"args": object, "kwargs": object}
+    assert get_annotations(g) == {
         "a": "int",
         "b": "float",
         "c": "bool",
@@ -243,7 +346,7 @@ def f(*args, **kwargs):
 def test_with_signature_invalid_args_type_int() -> None:
     with pytest.raises(DagsError, match="Invalid type for arg"):
 
-        @with_signature(args=42)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        @with_signature(args=42)  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
         def f(*args, **kwargs):
             pass