Specify fixed underlying types for enums exposed by core

This allows a few widely-used enums to be shrunk from 4 bytes to 1 byte,
improving packing when they're used as struct members.

To remain compatible with C, we follow CoreFoundation's approach and use
a macro when defining the enum:

```
#if defined(__cplusplus) || __has_extension(c_fixed_enum)
	#define BN_ENUM(type, name) enum name : type
#else
	#define BN_ENUM(type, name) typedef type name; enum 
#endif

BN_ENUM(uint8_t, SomeEnum)
{
   ... 
}
```

In C++ and C23 this will expand to an enum with a fixed underlying type.
In older C language versions, this will result in the enum type being a
typedef of the underlying type, with an unnamed enum providing the enum
values.

Minor changes were needed within the Python bindings to update places
that made assumptions about the underlying type of the enums.

Author: bdash