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linear Algebra in a Nutshell

A is n by n.

Nonsingular Singular
A is invertible. A is not invertible.
The columns are independent. The columns are dependent.
The rows are independent. The rows are dependent.
The determinant is not zero. The determinant is zero.
Ax = 0 has one solution x = 0. Ax = 0 has infinitely many solutions.
Ax = b has one solution x = A⁻¹b. Ax = b has no solution or infinitely many.
A has n (nonzero) pivots. A has r < n pivots.
A has full rank r = n. A has rank r < n.
The reduced row echelon form is R = I. R has at least one zero row.
The column space is all of Rⁿ. The column space has dimension r < n.
The row space is all of Rⁿ. The row space has dimension r < n.
All eigenvalues are nonzero. Zero is an eigenvalue of A.
AᵀA is symmetric positive definite. AᵀA is only semidefinite.
A has n (positive) singular values. A has r < n singular values.
Each line of the singular column can be made quantitative using row.