fix: avoid query failures from inferred numeric cast bounds

[haohuaijin]

Which issue does this PR close?

Closes #25524.
Related to #25407 and #22028.

Rationale for this change

A valid query can fail when an inferred numeric interval extends beyond the target CAST type, even though every runtime value fits. For example, an expression that always evaluates to zero can have an estimated upper bound of 1000 and fail when cast to TINYINT during planning.

What changes are included in this PR?

Use safe Arrow casts for numeric interval endpoints in Interval::cast_to, independently of the runtime cast error policy. An endpoint that cannot be represented becomes unbounded, while a valid opposite endpoint is retained. Non-numeric conversions continue to honor the supplied cast options, and errors returned by the cast kernel are still propagated.

What is the testing strategy for this PR?

• Add regression cases to the existing cast.slt for positive and negative inferred overflow, ordinary CAST runtime errors, and TRY_CAST runtime NULL results.
• Add unit coverage for numeric narrowing, signed/unsigned conversions, decimal precision and scale changes, fractional values, existing unbounded endpoints, and non-numeric error handling.
• Check sampled value containment across 14 numeric types with both safe option settings.
• Validated expr-common unit tests, physical-expr and pruning unit tests, and six relevant SLT files covering casts, filter ordering, and filter pushdown.

Are there any user-facing changes?

Valid queries no longer fail solely because inferred numeric cast endpoints are out of range. Runtime CAST and TRY_CAST behavior is unchanged.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 82.70%. Comparing base (c0e872f) to head (0ee0f7f).

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff            @@
##             main   #25528    +/-   ##
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  Coverage   82.69%   82.70%            
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  Files        1147     1147            
  Lines      447348   447535   +187     
  Branches   447348   447535   +187     
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+ Hits       369936   370118   +182     
- Misses      54999    55005     +6     
+ Partials    22413    22412     -1     

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[haohuaijin]

Hi @kosiew, would you mind taking a look at this inferred cast bounds fix following #25234? Thanks!

[kosiew]

@haohuaijin,

Thanks for working on this. The change looks good to me. Numeric interval-bound casts now handle out-of-range inferred endpoints conservatively without changing runtime CAST and TRY_CAST behavior, and the added coverage exercises the relevant edge cases.

[haohuaijin]

Thanks @kosiew

[kosiew]

🚀
@haohuaijin
Thank you for your contribution.