Prevent cancellation of initialize request per MCP spec

src/ModelContextProtocol.Core/McpSessionHandler.cs

@@ -190,11 +190,16 @@ async Task ProcessMessageAsync()
                     {
                         // Register before we yield, so that the tracking is guaranteed to be there
                         // when subsequent messages arrive, even if the asynchronous processing happens
-                        // out of order.
+                        // out of order. Per spec, "The initialize request MUST NOT be cancelled by clients",
+                        // so we don't track it in _handlingRequests to prevent cancellation notifications from
+                        // canceling it.
                         if (messageWithId is not null)
                         {
                             combinedCts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(cancellationToken);
-                            _handlingRequests[messageWithId.Id] = combinedCts;
+                            if (message is not JsonRpcRequest { Method: RequestMethods.Initialize })
+                            {
+                                _handlingRequests[messageWithId.Id] = combinedCts;
+                            }
                         }
 
                         // If we await the handler without yielding first, the transport may not be able to read more messages,
@@ -528,9 +533,10 @@ public async Task<JsonRpcResponse> SendRequestAsync(JsonRpcRequest request, Canc
             // Now that the request has been sent, register for cancellation. If we registered before,
             // a cancellation request could arrive before the server knew about that request ID, in which
             // case the server could ignore it.
+            // Per spec, "The initialize request MUST NOT be cancelled by clients", so skip registration for initialize.
             LogRequestSentAwaitingResponse(EndpointName, request.Method, request.Id);
             JsonRpcMessage? response;
-            using (var registration = RegisterCancellation(cancellationToken, request))
+            using (var registration = method != RequestMethods.Initialize ? RegisterCancellation(cancellationToken, request) : default)
             {
                 response = await tcs.Task.WaitAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
             }

tests/ModelContextProtocol.Tests/Protocol/CancellationTests.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using ModelContextProtocol.Client;
 using ModelContextProtocol.Protocol;
 using ModelContextProtocol.Server;
+using ModelContextProtocol.Tests.Utils;
+using System.IO.Pipelines;
+using System.Text;
 
 namespace ModelContextProtocol.Tests;
 
@@ -65,4 +69,37 @@ public async Task CancellationPropagation_RequestingCancellationCancelsPendingRe
         cts.Cancel();
         await Assert.ThrowsAnyAsync<OperationCanceledException>(async () => await waitTask);
     }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task InitializeTimeout_DoesNotSendCancellationNotification()
+    {
+        // Arrange: Create a transport where the server never responds, so the client will time out.
+        var serverInput = new MemoryStream();
+        var serverOutputPipe = new Pipe();
+
+        var clientTransport = new StreamClientTransport(
+            serverInput: serverInput,
+            serverOutputPipe.Reader.AsStream(),
+            LoggerFactory);
+
+        var clientOptions = new McpClientOptions
+        {
+            InitializationTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500),
+        };
+
+        // Act: Client will send initialize, then time out since no response comes.
+        // Per spec, "The initialize request MUST NOT be cancelled by clients",
+        // so no cancellation notification should be sent.
+        await Assert.ThrowsAsync<TimeoutException>(async () =>
+        {
+            await McpClient.CreateAsync(clientTransport, clientOptions: clientOptions, loggerFactory: LoggerFactory,
+                cancellationToken: TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        });
+
+        // Assert: Read what was written to serverInput.
+        // The only message should be the initialize request, NOT a cancellation notification.
+        var content = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(serverInput.ToArray());
+        Assert.Contains("\"method\":\"initialize\"", content);
+        Assert.DoesNotContain("notifications/cancelled", content);
+    }
 }

tests/ModelContextProtocol.Tests/Server/McpServerTests.cs

@@ -861,6 +861,59 @@ public async Task Can_SendMessage_Before_RunAsync()
         Assert.Same(logNotification, transport.SentMessages[0]);
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Server_IgnoresCancellationNotificationForInitializeRequest()
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        await using var transport = new TestServerTransport();
+        await using McpServer server = McpServer.Create(transport, _options, LoggerFactory);
+        var runTask = server.RunAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        // Set up to capture the initialize response
+        var initializeRequest = new JsonRpcRequest
+        {
+            Id = new RequestId("init-cancel-test"),
+            Method = RequestMethods.Initialize,
+            Params = JsonSerializer.SerializeToNode(new InitializeRequestParams
+            {
+                ProtocolVersion = "2024-11-05",
+                Capabilities = new ClientCapabilities(),
+                ClientInfo = new Implementation { Name = "test-client", Version = "1.0.0" }
+            }, McpJsonUtilities.DefaultOptions)
+        };
+
+        var initResponseTcs = new TaskCompletionSource<JsonRpcResponse>();
+        transport.OnMessageSent = (message) =>
+        {
+            if (message is JsonRpcResponse response && response.Id == initializeRequest.Id)
+            {
+                initResponseTcs.TrySetResult(response);
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Act: Send initialize request and immediately send a cancellation notification for it.
+        // Per spec, "The initialize request MUST NOT be cancelled by clients", so the server
+        // should ignore the cancellation and still complete the initialize request.
+        await transport.SendClientMessageAsync(initializeRequest, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        await transport.SendClientMessageAsync(new JsonRpcNotification
+        {
+            Method = NotificationMethods.CancelledNotification,
+            Params = JsonSerializer.SerializeToNode(
+                new CancelledNotificationParams { RequestId = initializeRequest.Id },
+                McpJsonUtilities.DefaultOptions),
+        }, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        // Assert: The initialize response should still arrive (not cancelled)
+        var response = await initResponseTcs.Task.WaitAsync(TestConstants.DefaultTimeout, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        Assert.NotNull(response.Result);
+        var initResult = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<InitializeResult>(response.Result, McpJsonUtilities.DefaultOptions);
+        Assert.NotNull(initResult);
+        Assert.NotNull(initResult.ServerInfo);
+
+        await transport.DisposeAsync();
+        await runTask;
+    }
+
     private static async Task InitializeServerAsync(TestServerTransport transport, ClientCapabilities capabilities, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
     {
         var initializeRequest = new JsonRpcRequest