Under active development as part of an ongoing PhD literature survey.
This catalogue lists the standards being surveyed, with their standards body and process status, across four interoperability layers (Technical, Semantic, Legal, Organisational) defined in the European Interoperability Framework. "RF" = royalty-free. "RDF-native" indicates whether the standard plugs directly into the Semantic Web stack or requires bridging.
Legend
Open/RF - licensing of the standard itself:
Yes- openly published and royalty-free under the issuing body's patent policyOpen- openly published; no blanket royalty-free patent grantLicensed- requires a licence to implement or use
RDF-native - how the standard relates to the Semantic Web stack:
Yes- plugs in directly (RDF-based)No- not RDF-basedPartial- connects through a documented bridge (e.g.DCAT+ODRL, DPV extension)n/a- sits below the data layer, does not apply
| Standard | Version | Body | Status (2026) | Open/RF | RDF-native | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HTTP | 1.1/2/3 | IETF | Internet Standard | Yes | n/a | Transport substrate |
| TLS | 1.3 | IETF | RFC 8446 | Yes | n/a | Channel security |
| Linked Data Platform | 1.0 | W3C | Rec (2015) | Yes | Yes | Read/write linked data |
| Solid Protocol | 0.11 | W3C Solid CG | CG Report | Yes | Yes | Decentralised storage interface |
| Linked Data Notifications | 1.0 | W3C | Rec (2017) | Yes | Yes | RDF notifications |
| Activity Streams | 2.0 | W3C | Rec (2017) | Yes | Yes | Activity/event vocabulary |
| SPARQL Protocol | 1.1 / 1.2 CR | W3C | Rec; 1.2 Candidate Rec | Yes | Yes | Query transport |
| Linked Web Storage WG | -- | W3C | WG (active) | Yes | Yes | Server-side storage Recs (in progress) |
| Standard | Version | Body | Status (2026) | Open/RF | RDF-native | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RDF | 1.1 / 1.2 CR | W3C | Rec (2014); 1.2 Candidate Rec (Apr 2026) | Yes | Yes | Core data model |
| RDFS | 1.1 | W3C | Rec (2014) | Yes | Yes | Lightweight schema |
| OWL 2 | 2 | W3C | Rec (2012) | Yes | Yes | Ontology language |
| SKOS | 1.0 | W3C | Rec (2009) | Yes | Yes | Taxonomies |
| SPARQL Query | 1.1 / 1.2 CR | W3C | Rec (2013); 1.2 Candidate Rec | Yes | Yes | Querying RDF |
| SHACL | 1.0 / 1.2 WD | W3C | Rec (2017); 1.2 in progress | Yes | Yes | Shape validation |
| JSON-LD | 1.1 | W3C | Rec (2020) | Yes | Yes | JSON for linked data |
| R2RML | 1.0 | W3C | Rec (2012) | Yes | Yes | Relational-to-RDF mapping |
| RML | -- | W3C KGC CG | CG work | Yes | Yes | Heterogeneous-source mapping |
| DCAT | 3 | W3C | Rec (2024) | Yes | Yes | Dataset description/discovery |
| DCAT-AP | 3.0 | EU SEMIC | EU profile | Yes | Yes | EU profile of DCAT |
| Dublin Core Terms | 1.1 | DCMI | DCMI Standard | Yes | Yes | Descriptive metadata |
| Standard | Version | Body | Status (2026) | Open/RF | RDF-native | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ODRL | 2.2 | W3C | Rec (2018) | Yes | Yes | Policy / usage-control expression |
| Data Privacy Vocabulary (DPV) | 2.3 | W3C DPVCG | CG Report (Feb 2026) | Yes | Yes | Privacy/data-protection concepts |
| OAC (ODRL profile for Access Control) | -- | research/CG | CG-level | Yes | Yes | Access-control policies (Solid) |
| XACML | 3.0 | OASIS | OASIS Standard | Yes | No (XML) | Attribute-based access control |
| Standard | Version | Body | Status (2026) | Open/RF | RDF-native | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) | 1.0 / 1.1 CR | W3C | Rec (2022); 1.1 Candidate Rec | Yes | Yes | Self-controlled identifiers |
| WebID | -- | W3C Solid CG | CG Report | Yes | Yes | HTTP-URI agent identity |
| Verifiable Credentials Data Model | 2.0 | W3C | Rec (May 2025) | Yes | Yes | Verifiable claims |
| PROV-O | 1.0 | W3C | Rec (2013) | Yes | Yes | Provenance |
| OAuth 2.0 | RFC 6749 | IETF | RFC | Open | No | Delegated authorisation |
| OpenID Connect | Core 1.0 | OpenID Foundation | Final | Open | No | Identity layer over OAuth |
| UMA 2.0 | 2.0 | Kantara | Kantara Rec | Open | No | Party-to-party data-sharing authorisation |
| JSON Web Token (JWT) | RFC 7515–7519 | IETF | RFC | Yes | No | Token signing/encryption |
| IEEE 7012 | 2025 | IEEE | IEEE Standard | Licensed | Partial | Machine-readable privacy terms |
| Dataspace Protocol (DSP) | 2025-1 | Eclipse / IDSA | Eclipse Spec | Yes | Yes (DCAT+ODRL) | Connector negotiation/transfer |
| Standard | Version | Body | Status (2026) | Open/RF | RDF-native | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HL7 FHIR | R5 | HL7 | HL7 Standard | Open spec | RDF serialisation exists | Clinical data exchange |
| SNOMED CT | -- | SNOMED Intl. | Intl. Standard | Licensed | Mappable | Clinical terminology |