Externally implementable items

[jdonszelmann]

Supersedes #140010
Tracking issue: #125418

Getting started:

#![feature(eii)]

#[eii(eii1)]
pub fn decl1(x: u64) 
// body optional (it's the default)
{
    println!("default {x}");
}

// in another crate, maybe
#[eii1]
pub fn decl2(x: u64) {
    println!("explicit {x}");
}

fn main() {
    decl1(4);
}

• tiny perf regression, underlying issue makes multiple things in the compiler slow, not just EII, planning to solve those separately.
• No codegen_gcc support, they don't have bindings for weak symbols yet but could
• No windows support yet for weak definitions

This PR merges the implementation of EII for just llvm + not windows, doesn't yet contain like a new panic handler implementation or alloc handler. With this implementation, it would support implementing the panic handler in terms of EII already since it requires no default implementation so no weak symbols

The PR has been open in various forms for about a year now, but I feel that having some implementation merged to build upon